罗马历史摘要帝国时代

• 帝国时代从公元前27年开始，当时屋大维被元老院授予“奥古斯都”和“祖国之父”的称号，确立了元首制，结束了共和国的动荡。
• 帝国时代分为早期、中期和后期三个阶段：
  • 早期（公元前27年-284年），是罗马帝国的成长期，名义上仍是共和国，实际上是皇帝专制。在这个时期，罗马帝国进行了多次对外战争，征服了迦太基、埃及、帕提亚等地区，疆域达到最大。
  • 中期（284年-395年），是罗马帝国的鼎盛时期，经济空前繁荣，文化达到极盛。在这个时期，戴克里先和君士坦丁进行了重要的改革，承认了基督教的合法性，迁都拜占庭（改名为君士坦丁堡）。
  • 后期（395年-476年/1453年），是罗马帝国的衰落和分裂时期，社会矛盾尖锐，内乱不断，外族入侵频繁。在这个时期，罗马帝国分裂为东西两部，西罗马帝国于476年灭亡，东罗马帝国（又称拜占庭帝国）于1453年被奥斯曼土耳其帝国灭亡。

Summary of Roman History in the Imperial Era

• The imperial era began in 27 BC, when Octavian was granted the titles of “Augustus” and “Father of the Fatherland” by the Senate, establishing the principate, ending the turmoil of the republic.
• The imperial era is divided into three stages:
  • Early period (27 BC-284 AD), which was the growth period of the Roman Empire, nominally still a republic, but actually an imperial autocracy. In this period, the Roman Empire waged many wars against foreign countries, conquering Carthage, Egypt, Parthia and other regions, reaching its maximum territory.
  • Middle period (284-395 AD), which was the peak period of the Roman Empire, with unprecedented economic prosperity and cultural brilliance. In this period, Diocletian and Constantine carried out important reforms, recognized the legitimacy of Christianity, moved the capital to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople).
  • Late period (395-476/1453 AD), which was the decline and division period of the Roman Empire, with sharp social contradictions, frequent civil wars and foreign invasions. In this period, the Roman Empire split into two parts, east and west. The Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476 AD, and the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire) was destroyed by the Ottoman Turkish Empire in 1453 AD.